Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle (Space Transportation System) was the American crewed reusable spaceplane program, which flew 135 missions between 1981 and 2011. As the first partly reusable spacecraft it deployed satellites and the Hubble telescope and built most of the International Space Station — at the cost of two tragedies, Challenger and Columbia.
◉ REÁLNÉ FOTO · NASA / images.nasa.govContents
living encyclopedia entryThe Space Shuttle was the first partly reusable spacecraft in history — a winged orbiter that launched like a rocket and landed like a glider on a runway. For three decades (1981–2011) it was the backbone of the American crewed space program: it carried satellites and interplanetary probes, placed the Hubble telescope in orbit, and built the International Space Station piece by piece. Yet two of its five ships were lost with their crews, marking the program forever.
The program emerged in the early 1970s from a desire for cheap, reusable access to space — unlike the throwaway rockets of Apollo, the shuttle was meant to return and fly again. The stack launched vertically: a winged orbiter with three main engines, a huge rust-coloured external tank of propellant, and two solid rocket boosters (SRBs) on either side. The boosters and orbiter were reused; only the tank burned up in the atmosphere. The orbiter carried over 24 tonnes of payload in its cargo bay and a crew of up to seven.
◉ REÁLNÉ FOTOPROGRAM IN NUMBERS
Five orbiters reached space: Columbia (the first, 1981), Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour (built in 1991 to replace the lost Challenger). A sixth vehicle, Enterprise, was used only for atmospheric landing tests and never flew to space. Discovery flew the most missions — 39.
Across 135 flights the shuttle transformed what people could do in space. It launched the Hubble Space Telescope (1990), and its crews serviced and upgraded it five times in orbit. It sent off the deep-space probes Magellan, Galileo and Ulysses. Above all it was indispensable in building the International Space Station: only its large cargo bay could carry the bulky modules and truss segments that form the station's backbone. After the shuttle retired in 2011, Russia's Soyuz remained the only way for humans to reach the ISS for nine years.
The shuttle's apparent routine ended in catastrophe twice. On 28 January 1986 the orbiter Challenger (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds after launch; the cause was the failure of a sealing O-ring in the right solid rocket booster in freezing weather. The entire crew of seven died, including teacher Christa McAuliffe, selected for the "Teacher in Space" project. Seventeen years later, on 1 February 2003, the orbiter Columbia (mission STS-107) disintegrated during reentry over Texas. At launch a piece of thermal insulation had broken off the external tank and damaged the leading edge of the left wing; on reentry hot gases entered the structure through the breach. Again the entire crew of seven died. Together the two accidents claimed fourteen lives and led to a fundamental rethink of safety — and ultimately to the decision to end the program.
OČITÉ SVĚDECTVÍ„If we were looking for a solution with no risk, we would never leave the ground.
- The shuttle was the first partly reusable spacecraft — it launched like a rocket and landed like an engineless glider.
- Five space-worthy orbiters: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour. Enterprise was used only for tests and never flew to space.
- The shuttle deployed the Hubble telescope and its crews serviced it five times in orbit.
- Without the shuttle's large cargo bay, most of the International Space Station could not have been built.
- After the shuttle retired in 2011, Russia's Soyuz alone carried astronauts to the ISS for nine years.
- Two accidents — Challenger (1986) and Columbia (2003) — claimed fourteen lives in total.
